printSocial Structure in the Eyes of Russians:
Issues of Legitimacy
Kryshtanovskaya O.V.
Dr. Sci. (Sociol.), Director, Scientific Center of Digital Sociology ”Yadov-center“, Russian State University for the Humanities, Moscow, Russia. olgakrysht@yandex.ru
Lavrov I.A.
Cand. Sci. (Sociol.), Deputy director, Scientific Center of Digital Sociology ”Yadov-center“, Russian State University for the Humanities, Moscow, Russia. lavrov.sociology@gmail.com
Kryshtanovskaya O.V., Lavrov I.A. Social Structure in the Eyes of Russians: Issues of Legitimacy. Sotsiologicheskie issledovaniya [Sociological Studies]. 2025. No 8. P. 80-93
This article presents the results of a sociological study devoted to analyzing the perception of the social structure of modern Russian society through the eyes of three generations of Russians. A qualitative sociological study was conducted, including the results of 21 focus groups with the participation of 205 informants from 7 major Russian cities. The main ideas about the criteria of stratification of our society and the principles of selfpositioning in it were revealed. A comparative analysis was carried out between three generational groups that underwent socialization in different socio historical conditions: during the USSR, between late socialism and early capitalism and in modern Russia. According to the results of the analysis, the main trends include: the dominance of economic indicators of stratification in the public consciousness, the delegitimization of higher strata, the disproportionality of the middle class and the transparency of its boundaries, and the marginalization of lower groups. At the same time, serious problems of legitimacy have been revealed: higher strata are associated with dishonest origin of income, low moral qualities and unfair starting opportunities inaccessible to ordinary people. Such perceptions have a demotivating effect on vertical social mobility. The lower strata is presented to the focus group participants as deviation. In one case it is manifested in asocial lifestyle, in another case in unfair assessment of the labor of honest workers by the state. The middle class in this model becomes an island of tranquility, with which overwhelming number of informants identify themselves. Its volume is overestimated and its boundaries are blurred. In general, Russian society is characterized by atomization of public consciousness and lack of consensus in assessing the fairness of the social order.
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