This article was published in issue No. 2 (2025) in the “Theoretical Approaches” section of the journal “Global Dialogue” of the International (World) Sociological Association, published in 16 languages, including Russian. It is linked to the upcoming publication of a joint monograph, “Anticolonialism and Social Thought” (Cambridge University Press, 2025), edited by the authors of this article – renowned American sociologists specializing in colonialism and overcoming its consequences. This translation of this article is being published to further introduce Russian sociologists to anti-colonial sociology as a growing field of international research. The authors of the article present anti-colonial sociology as an important task and part of the struggle to overcome the dominance of Eurocentric (Western European and North American) approaches in global sociological theory.