The article deals with the specifics of social relations, of equality and inequality in the poly-ethnic environment of the Republic of Bashkortostan. The formation of similar ethnic relations is taking place under the influence of both ethnicity and social factors. Economic, social, political, spiritual-ideological, settlement conditions make direct influence on social divisions of individuals, affect viability of ethnoi, capacity to assert social and cultural identity, to preserve and develop ethnic cultures. This is particularly important in multi-ethnic environment, where clash of diverse cultures and formation of a qualitatively different poly-ethnic socio-cultural education take place.