The central topic of the article is analysis of modern trends in sociology. The author shows the inextricable link between global challenges and their specific understanding by various national and regional scientific schools. The methodological basis of the research is a comparative analysis of program documents, stated priorities and expert positions of leading international and national sociological associations (ISA, ASA, ESA, ALAS, APSA, ROS). The paper identifies five universal challenges consolidating the global sociological community: the crisis of trust in social institutions and attacks on science, social inequality, the environmental crisis, the digitalization of society and the demand for the decolonization of knowledge. It is shown that, despite the commonality of global issues, the reaction to it varies depending on the regional socio-political context: from critical and antagonistic in Latin America and practice-oriented in the Asia-Pacific region to focused on the domestic agenda in the United States and addressing the problems of historical memory in Russia. It is concluded that modern sociological discourse is a polyphonic dialogue enriching global science due to the unique contribution of each region.